Fundamental Analysis [TrendX_]

__________xXx__________ INTRODUCTION __________xXx__________


Fundamental Analysis indicator employs a two-pronged approach to estimate the fair value of a security. This utilizes both relative valuation and intrinsic valuation methods, aiming to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the company's worth.

__________xXx__________ FEATURES AND USAGES __________xXx__________


1 - RELATIVE VALUATION:

Relative valuation takes a company's average financial ratios over a specific number of periods into account.

• Price-to-Earnings Ratio (PE Ratio): This metric compares the company's current stock price to its earnings per share. A higher PE ratio indicates investors are willing to pay more for each dollar of earnings, potentially suggesting a growth expectation.
  
• Price-to-Book Ratio (PB Ratio): This metric compares the company's current stock price to its book value per share. A higher PB ratio suggests the market values the company's assets more highly than their accounting book value.
  
• Modified-PE-PB-Growth: This is the modified version for the PE and PB forward. Apply the company's average historical ROE growth rate to PE ratio. Similarly, apply the company's projected ROA growth rate to the industry average PB ratio to arrive at an adjusted PB ratio.
  
• Enterprise Value (EV)/Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA) Multiple: This metric compares the company's enterprise value (market capitalization + debt - cash) to its EBITDA. It provides a valuation measure that considers the company's capital structure.
  

2 - INTRINSIC VALUATION:

Intrinsic valuation attempts to estimate the inherent value of a company based on its future cash flow generation potential. This approach focuses on the company's long-term fundamentals rather than its current market price.

• Discounted Cash Flow (DCF): This method discounts the company's projected future free cash flows to their present value. It requires forecasting future cash flows, a discount rate, and a terminal growth rate. The present value of these future cash flows represents the company's intrinsic value.
  
• Dividend Discount Model (DDM): This method assumes the company's value is based on its ability to distribute future dividends to shareholders. It discounts the company's expected future dividends to their present value, providing another estimate of intrinsic value.
  
• Graham Number: Developed by Benjamin Graham, this method utilizes a formula based on a company's earnings per share and book value per share to estimate its intrinsic value. The number 22.5, embedded within this formula, serves as a normalization factor, embodying an ‘ideal’ PE of 15 and PB of 1.5. This approach provides a conservative estimate of a company’s intrinsic value, offering a safety margin for investors.
  
• Net-Nets: Net-Nets refer to micro-to-small companies trading at a price less than 67% of their net current asset value, which is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets. This conservative approach, deeply rooted in the principles of value investing, essentially implies that these companies are undervalued to the extent that their market price is less than their liquidation value.
  

*** The color of each valuation toolkit’s background is determined UNDERVALUE (above current price) in Turquoise Green color and OVERVALUE (below acceptable rate) in Pink color.




3 - FINANCIAL METRICS

The financial metrics will provide a holistic view of company's financial health, efficiency, risk profile, and growth prospects


Efficiency Metrics:

• Net Margin: This metric measures the percentage of each dollar of revenue remaining as profit after accounting for all operating expenses. A higher net margin indicates a company's efficiency in converting sales into profit.
  
• Dividend Yield: This metric represents the annual dividend payment per share divided by the current stock price. It reflects the portion of a company's earnings distributed to shareholders as dividends. A higher dividend yield suggests a focus on shareholder returns.
  

Fraud Detection Metrics:

• Beneish M-score (M-score): This metric is a statistical model used to identify potential accounting manipulations. A higher M-score indicates a greater likelihood of fraudulent activity. It's crucial to analyze the M-score along with other financial information.
  

Profitability and Growth Metrics:

• Piotroski F-score (F-score): This metric assesses a company's financial health and profitability based on nine criteria. A higher F-score suggests a more robust and potentially higher-growth company.
  
• Quick Ratio: This metric measures a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations (due within a year) using its most liquid assets (cash and equivalents, marketable securities, and accounts receivable). A higher quick ratio indicates a stronger short-term liquidity position.
  
• Inventory Ratio: This metric measures how long it takes a company to sell its inventory on average. A lower inventory ratio suggests efficient inventory management and potentially lower holding costs.
  

Risk Metrics:

• Risk-Free Rate (Risk-Free): This metric represents the theoretical rate of return on a risk-free investment, often approximated by the 10-year Treasury Constant Maturity Rate. It serves as a benchmark for evaluating the return required for riskier assets like stocks.
  
• Beta: This metric measures a stock's volatility relative to the overall market (often represented by its market index). A beta of 1 indicates the stock's price movement mirrors the market. A beta greater than 1 suggests the stock is more volatile than the market, and vice versa.
  
  
  Growth Metrics:
  
• Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): This model estimates the expected return on a stock based on its beta, the risk-free rate, and the market risk premium. CAPM helps determine if a stock is potentially overvalued or undervalued.
  
• Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC): This metric represents the average cost of capital a company uses to finance its operations (equity and debt). A lower WACC suggests a company can access capital at a cheaper rate, potentially leading to higher profitability.
  
• Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR): This metric calculates the average annual growth rate of a stock price over a specific period. It provides an indication of the historical price appreciation.
  
  
  Additional:
  
  • Sustainable Growth Rate (Growth const.): This metric estimates the maximum long-term growth rate a company can sustain based on its internal resources (retained earnings) and industry growth.
    
  • Value at Risk (VaR): This metric estimates the maximum potential loss a stock price might experience over a given timeframe with a certain confidence level. It helps assess the downside risk associated with an investment.
    
  
  *** The color of each metric’s background is determined above acceptable rate in Turquoise Green color and below acceptable rate in Pink color
  
  
  
  
  __________xXx__________ CONCLUSION__________xXx__________
  
  
  Fundamental analysis plays a critical role in empowering both investors and traders to navigate the dynamic stock markets. By delving deeper into a company's underlying financial health, future prospects, and competitive landscape, this approach fosters informed decision-making that leads to risk reduction and profit optimization. The Fundamental Analysis can serve as a cornerstone for investors and traders alike, offering a myriad of benefits.
  
  For investors, it is instrumental in risk reduction, as it enables the assessment of a company’s fair value through financial statements, competitive advantages, and growth potential. This critical evaluation aids in avoiding overvalued stocks and spotting undervalued opportunities. Moreover, it fosters a long-term focus, steering investors towards decisions that reflect a company’s long-term prospects, thus supporting a buy-and-hold strategy that resonates with enduring investment objectives. Additionally, a profound comprehension of a company’s fundamentals bolsters investor confidence, ensuring that investment choices are grounded in solid data rather than speculative market noise.
  
  Traders, on the other hand, can leverage fundamental analysis to pinpoint short-term opportunities by staying abreast of a company’s imminent catalysts such as financial health, efficiency, risk profile, or growth prospects. This knowledge allows them to anticipate market movements and seize fleeting chances for profit. It also provides informed insights for establishing entry and exit points, identifying companies poised for robust growth or those facing potential downturns, which is crucial for strategizing trades, including short selling. Importantly, by concentrating on fundamental data, traders can mitigate emotional decision-making, fostering a disciplined approach to trading that curtails the risks associated with impulsive, emotion-driven errors.
  
  
  
  
  __________xXx__________ DISCLAIMER__________xXx__________
  
  
  Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. Numerous factors and inherent uncertainties can influence the outcome of any endeavor, and predicting future events with certainty is impossible.
  
  Trading and Investing inherently carries risk, and the majority of traders experience losses. This indicator is provided solely for informational and educational purposes and does not constitute financial advice.
  
  Therefore, always exercise caution and independent judgment when making investment decisions based on any form of past performance analysis, including this indicator's results.
  
  

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Fundamental Analysis - Version 2.0

Implement a Neural Network ML feature which is designed to identify the most effective approaches for determining the Fair Value of each stock. This feature will continuously refine its predictive accuracy through ongoing learning and adaptation.