Oil, where are you headed?

3 พ.ย. 2023

This week our eyes fall on the crude oil market. From our previous article, Cracking the Crack Spread, we know that crude oil and gasoline hold a special relationship. Since gasoline is extracted from crude oil, the spread between the two futures should not diverge too much. Yet, in the past few weeks, we have observed a deviation in their prices with the Crude Oil/Gasoline ratio peaking.

Futures Fundamentals


Open interest refers to the number of open contracts in the market. It serves as a measure of liquidity, activity and more importantly, interest in the security. While trading volume refers to the number of contracts traded each day.

The decline in both prices and open interests indicates the liquidation of long positions. Together with a low trading volume, this can indicate a bear market.

Economic Outlook


Although the federal reserve (Fed) is likely done with its hikes in this hiking cycle, it intends to keep interest rates higher for longer. Coupled with continued tightness in the labor market, sticky inflation and inflating cost of debt, growth would be dampened.

One way to back up this view is to look at the US Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI). The PMI is widely used as a leading indicator to anticipate changing economic trends. Furthermore, there tends to be a positive association with PMI and commodities year-on-year change. Given the latest PMI value, it points to a negative economic outlook, with year-on-year crude oil prices playing catch up.


It is good to be mindful that if the Fed has indeed concluded its hiking cycle, there is a greater likelihood for the dollar to weaken rather than strengthen. As crude oil is quoted in USD, a weaker dollar would lead to a more expensive contract. Therefore, there are upside risks to crude oil prices.

Supply Factors


US crude oil production reaches record high levels. In conjunction with other non-OPEC countries’ record production, they have been upholding the supply despite facing cuts from OPEC. This could possibly explain why oil prices fell on Oct 4th when OPEC confirmed its cuts until the end of the year.

However, we also see the number of oil rigs in the US on a decline, which may hinder any higher levels of production. Also, there is the debate whether production from non-OPEC countries will be outpaced by OPEC’s cut, leading to the materialization of a supply deficit.

Volatility


Historically, the energy sector is known for its volatility. In comparison to the S&P 500, crude oil appears to be more volatile. In the chart above we look at the maximum year-on-year change in the S&P500 and marked that range on the year-on-year crude oil prices. Here, the wider range that crude oil trades becomes much more obvious compared to the S&P 500. This effect could likely stem from the fact that oil, unlike equities, is affected by a myriad of complex factors at any given time, from supply/demand to geopolitical, environmental and many more.


Gold and crude oil tend to be positively associated. Rising oil prices place upward pressure on inflation leading to precious metals to appreciate as investors flock to “store of value” assets. Other than store of value, gold also acts as a form of safe haven asset, where investors take shelter in gold against uncertainty. With gold now trading significantly higher than oil, it appears that markets are expecting higher levels of fear and uncertainty, which could translate to higher volatility in oil.

So where is oil heading?


Here we find ourselves in a limbo, considering potential breakout risk from geopolitical tensions the downside risk from the likely turnover of the economy, a fading PMI pointing to oil weakness, and overextended oil prices when looking at the spread complex with gasoline. In times like this, when risk could extend on either side, a long straddle options position could allow us to harness profits in the event of a volatile move, in either direction.

To express our view, we can set up long straddle position by buying one at-the-money call and put option that expire in Feb 2024. Given the last price of CLZ3 is 82, we will purchase the two options at the strike price of 81.50. The premiums for the call and put options are 5.39 and 4.89 points respectively. In total, our premium would be 10.28 points.

As a rough gauge of the potential for profitability, it might help to look at the volatility in oil prices. For the selected strike, ignoring the effects of options Greeks, the price on expiration would have to move roughly 12.7% in either direction. In the chart above, the bottom figure shows the rolling 3-month change in oil prices, with the red band marking the 12.7% higher & lower range. Here we see oil continually swinging past this level, highlighting the potential for this strategy to play out.


In this setup, it should also be noted that the maximum loss on the position is the premium paid on the initial setup, which is 10.43 points. The breakeven levels are above 92 or below 71 on option expiration day, as seen in the chart above. Each 0.01 point move in crude oil options is for 10 USD.



CME also has a handy strategy simulator allowing you to construct the option strategy and simulate future prices on your position's P&L. Above are two potential scenarios if the price of crude oil remains close to flat on expiration day, or if it trades lower on expiration day, alongside a diagram showing the effect on the option position's P&L.

The charts above were generated using CME’s Real-Time data available on TradingView. Inspirante Trading Solutions is subscribed to both TradingView Premium and CME Real-time Market Data which allows us to identify trading set-ups in real-time and express our market opinions. If you have futures in your trading portfolio, you can check out on CME Group data plans available that suit your trading needs tradingview.com/cme/

Disclaimer:
The contents in this Idea are intended for information purpose only and do not constitute investment recommendation or advice. Nor are they used to promote any specific products or services. They serve as an integral part of a case study to demonstrate fundamental concepts in risk management under given market scenarios. A full version of the disclaimer is available in our profile description.

Reference:
cmegroup.com/markets/energy/crude-oil/light-sweet-crude.settlements.options.html
cmegroup.com/markets/energy/crude-oil/light-sweet-crude.contractSpecs.options.html
cmegroup.com/tools-information/quikstrike/strategy-simulator.html

3 พ.ย. 2023

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Edit: The max loss is the total premium of 10.28, not 10.43.